A detailed guide and ranking of the 10 best attacker operators in Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege going into year 4, Operation Burnt Horizon. Ace. A. SK 4-12 (Skeleton Key) Under-barrel mounted 12 gauge shotgun with four round capacity, used in tandem with an assault rifle. the 2 best attack operators both have 2 nades and a gonne-6. Related: Games To Play If You Like Rainbow Six Siege Every. Teams want an entry fragger on the squad to help take control of areas on the map. Best defenders are Azami, Smoke, Melusi, Jäger and Valkyrie. R6 Extraction has a huge roster of operators and we will break down all of them to give an idea of the best Rainbow Six Extraction operators. Twitch:. Thatcher is a strong attack operator. Rainbow Six SiegeOperatorsGuides. That’s mainly because of his primary weapon which also happens to contain his special gadget, the Flip Sight. Lastly, they’re the ones who are the best to use for competitive game modes such as Ranked. Check here for the list of Defenders . This tier list is based on the official pick and ban rate data of each operator shared periodically by Ubisoft. When Finka’s boost is active, attackers take almost double damage from Smoke’s gas. Most of the operators in this list have 2-speed 2-armor rating, because that kind of rating is great for solo queueing since it's more versatile. We're extremely excited to show. Clubhouse is one of the 10 original launch maps in Rainbow Six Siege. 10. 11. Defense: Jäger, bandit, smoke. Tachanka: 84/100. Hold window->see enemy->trap enemy->kill enemy. Our biggest update yet! Map stats, operator stats, weapon stats, round history, rivals, advanced match scoreboard and so much more! We've rebuilt our PC Overwolf app from scratch and added so many new features you've never seen before, anywhere. Flores: Blow up any gadget from afar. That is where this guide will help you out -- below we list the best attackers in Siege at the outset of High Calibre, along with how to best utilize them to achieve victory. 19. A. Pathfinders is another way of saying "Legacy Operators". ago. Also all these choices are 1000 renown so you should be able to easily pick them up after a few games. If you’re new to this game, then this Rainbow Six Siege. Valkyrie (Intel, Support) It comes as no surprise that Valkyrie is one of the operators with the highest win rate, because in Siege, intel gathering is very important, and when it comes to intel gathering, Valkyrie is the best on the. . The last tip in the Rainbow Six Siege. However, you probably won’t see them too often as they are usually available on guns where new magnifying scopes. Ubisoft kicked off year 8 for Rainbow Six: Siege with an exciting addition to its roster of operators — Brava. They can not be used in. Which Operator. Jäger - Jäger's ADSs are one of the best pieces of utility in the game as these can intercept any projectile or grenade. Fortunately, we’ve put together. Best Operators For Beginners. The duo of projectile catchers Jager and Wamai, the wall-electrifying operators: Bandit and Kaid, the intel-denial defenders: Mute and Mozzie, and more. The C-Tier Defenders include Pulse, Tachanka, Kapkan, Alibi, and Ela. Best Operators For Beginners. Dokkaebi: 93/100 Attacker. He arrived at the game's launch all the way back in Dec. . 4K Comments. They're easy to play and can do quite a lot when used. . Thatcher. As a result, attackers will have a hard time pin-pointing the roamer. Loadout is depended on primary & secondary weapon, operator's speed and operator's secondary gadget. It’s just that they are more. Iconic LMG, accurate in medium range with high ammo capacity and efficient suppressive fire. 3. His special gadget, the EE-ONE-D, can be activated just by a single click and the player can activate it almost at any time that he wants and it will still have a huge effect on the match. The top ten operators with the highest win rate based on Rainbow Six Siege's Year 8 Season 1. This is regardless of the pro scene, any other game mode, or elo. Since the map update, even. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. 6. 5. Solis, for example, is only good if it gets value out of its drones (which isn't every match surprisingly). Last, but not least, in Rainbow Six Siege drone can be used to watch for planted defuser. Ace has become one of the best and most reliable hard breachers in the game, with one of the best guns in the entire game such as the AK-12, and a hard breacher gadget that is easy to use, so he can become a very impactful operator in the round. Siege weapons are classified by the following categories: assault rifles, SMGs, light machine guns, marksman rifles, shotguns, machine pistols, and handguns. Advantage given: Currently, in Rainbow Six Siege defenders have access to 3 operators designed to prevent breaching reinforced walls, those operators are Bandit, Mute and Kaid . Villa. 213. updated Jan 27, 2020. Anchoring operators. Solis is one of the best operators right now, especially in ranked games, so there’s no wonder why her pick rate is so high. D – TIER. When it comes to having the best recoil control possible on Nomad’s AK-74M, this loadout is the best. But how can you pick the best operators based on the map when you don't k. Rainbow Six Siege’s Buck is a highly versatile attacker, excelling in both solo and team play. Guns of all types can be equipped, including SMGs, assault rifles, and even light machine guns. Which Operator Should You Play First? Basics & Advanced Bandit Tricking. Twitch out my stats Kana “Azami” Fujiwara is the newest Operator to join Rainbow Six Siege and she is set to arrive in Season 7, Year 1 - Demon Veil. If your team needs a hard breacher in solo queue, pick him. Top tier fragger, self sufficient. 17. Lesion and Oryx both have unique access to this weapon, so it's a good choice for either of these defenders if you want a gun with a high fire rate. Year 4 of Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege begins this week and we have the ultimate guide for players looking to select and master the best operators while on the attack phase going into the. . 1 LESION (DEFENDER) Lesion is another Operator that has a bit of a two-fold use. [Top 15] R6 Best Operators For Ranked Games. . And that allows him to either go solo for flanking or push with teammates. Ace - Least team-dependent hard breacher. Her R4-C has a high rate of fire and often wins. One is her special gadget, the KS79 Lifeline, and the other is her generic gadget, the breach charge. By opening a line of sight above the area where utility is placed and shooting it down. A Tier is a place where some very good Operators sit, being very useful at their jobs. Edit: DEFENCE Operators! Im an idiot Archived post. The best Rainbow Six Siege operators. Echo is one of the best operators you can buy for disrupting the enemies' plans. But how can you pick the best operators based on the map when you don't k. The Recruit refers to various unnamed Rainbow Operators in the Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Franchise. The French 417 and BB's SR-25 are both good but i like the 417 because more operators have it. She can interrogate enemies and know the exact location of every attacker for a set amount of time. . Goyo (Anti-Entry, Trapper) Goyo is a 2-speed 2-health operator, and those stats are quite versatile, and if you look at those stats alone, you could think that he’s quite suited for roaming, too. Her R4-C has a high rate of fire and often wins 1:1 engagements with. S Tier is for the best Operators you can get for various roles in the game to the niche they fill. 5. Clubhouse. 37 JACKAL (B-TIER) Jackal is one of the best roam-clearing operators out there. 4. For Attacking rounds, always pick a hard breacher, (Thermite, Hibana). #TIERLIST -- TSM Pro R6 Coach Pojoman takes a look at EVERY OPERATOR in Rainbow Six Siege and ranks all 57 from BEST TO WORST! From Ash to Echo to Zofia, get. Operators. As part of Operation Commanding Force, Brava's unique gadget, the Kludge drone, is. Since most of the operators in the game are solid, A tier would naturally be the largest tier in terms of selections. Updated: list of every operator and the best loadout to use including attachments for. 308 with Scope 2. Thus, Hard Breachers usually fill the most important role in the attack. This is great pick due to the main defensive objectives being very open when walls and hatches are destroyed, (Snowmobile garage wall, Kitchen hatch). Belly-Rub. Without his abilities, it would have been more difficult for the team to push into the target zone. Jackal, Thatcher, Ram, Ying, Buck, Ace, Ash, Zofia. As the sole shield operator option in Rainbow Six Siege on the defensive side – playing Clash requires a significant mindset shift to maximize effectiveness. Rainbow Six Siege is undoubtedly a difficult game to pick up and learn. That's because it's a really powerful gun due to its high damage, good rate of. His ability to locate and track down any Defender with ease (besides Caveira) is great, and he has some fantastic. IQ, Blitz, Jager, Bandit. Hopefully you all enjoy! #r6 #rainbowsixsiege #attackers ━━━━━━━. For defence anchors, kaid is better than bandit but he is banned often unfortunately. House. This isn't best per say but the ones I have the most fun with. Tachanka is a Russian operator in Rainbow Six Siege. Or make you laugh long the way :) #rainbow. 10. Bandit kinda sucks right now. When. It can even be tough to determine what order to unlock them in, so we took it upon ourselves to denote our two favorite attacking. that is the question. ”. In honest and recognisable form, w7m has stormed to victory during the BLAST R6 Major in Atlanta, picking up a. By John Rose , Morgan Park , Nicholas Castellano , +2. The legendary Sam ‘Zero’ Fisher is a great solo queue attacker because his Argus Cams can also be accessed by his teammates, and the player really has a simple role to play. Read more: Rainbow Six Siege Operator Tier List: Defenders Pulse - Pulse’s Cardiac Sensor makes him a great option if you like playing vertical Siege. Picking the right operators based on the map is super important in Rainbow 6 Siege. I’ve once seen a spreadsheet, I think from Rogue 9, which suggested that on attack operator speed is not important, but on defense fast operators are better. Most of the attackers in this tier are great, just a step behind S tier. Aqua Breacher. 8. 10. Clash (Intel, Crowd Control) Clash is a great crowd control operator because with her, the defending team will have a good handle on enemy positions and she’s great at locking down enemies at an angle, or at least, greatly slowing them down. It feels rustic, eclectic and lived-in, and. Though her SMG has moderate damage, it has almost no recoil. Valkyrie is a great defender who will allow you to learn R6's gameplay and maps more easily. Business, Economics, and Finance. A. Most banned attackers. 10. liquipedia Rainbow Six. Best Attachments For All Operators. 10. R6 South Breach - National League Qualifier; League Of Challengers - 2023. Rainbow Six Siege may have launched in 2015, but the game remains relevant thanks to constant tweaking and sizeable updates, with Operation North Star the current season of Year 6 and Operation Crystal Guard will add a new attacker, Osa. I think they have a different name depending on who you talk to. Moreover, her black eye cams are pretty discreet - if you avoid pinging the opponent with it - and provide you and your team helpful intel if placed at key locations: outside for example. While he and the rest of Wolfguard were brought together to apply their skills in sensitive missions for the good of all, their popularity cannot be overlooked. And with the 1. Finka is picked more than Iana because. 20. He's also one of the best roamers in the game, despite the current state of his 416C. The top ten guns in Siege that provides the user with a lot of accuracy due to their low recoil. 1,200 R6 credits Attention operator, please be advised. 10. Today we have the 5 BEST attack operators in Rainbow Six Siege for the NEW SEASON! These are five great operators that serve different roles and can be a gre. The Rainbow Six Siege Tier List splits the operators in five tiers based on their success at Platinum, Diamond, and above. Rook. This comes very handy when looking for a soloQ operator, or a newbie-friendly operator. Although Rainbow Six Siege Mobile is not fully released yet, we do know the full list of operators that will be available. Chase Richardson 2/4/2023. L. Chalet - map guide, ranked strats (aiming mostly at duoQs) explained in-depth with subtitles & timestamps. Best Weapon Loadout. Warden is a Rainbow Six Siege operator released with the launch of Operation Phantom Sight, which dates back to June 2019. With Thatcher still being banned most of the time, Kaid has become the best hard breach. Ragnarok-DG4 • 3 yr. Heck, I don’t even use her that much, but she’s one of the first operators that I bought on my smurf account, and that’s just because it’s so fun to just use. Zofia. He boasts a record of 32 clutches and 63% KOST (Kill, Objective, Survive, Trade) in 257 maps. R6 South Breach - EU South Qualifier #1; ELEMENT TWO - Q2; R6 South Breach - National League Qualifier;. This attacker is able to make a huge patch of ground hostile to any defending player, which is an amazing advantage in a game that is all about defending and reclaiming space. Zofia/Ela RG15: 348. CryptoWhat are Rainbow Six Siege's most banned operators? In Rainbow Six Siege, the most banned operators are Thatcher on attack and Mira on defense. She was raised in Kyoto City, Japan, and found a. [Top 20] Pathfinder Best Legendary Weapons. The Siege community’s “Attack on Titan” operator. Mozzie's assault rifle is one of the most comfortable weapons ever in Rainbow Six Siege. Since its release in 2015, the competitive online shooter Rainbow Six Siege has grown in both popularity and scale. Operation Dread. Lion. 3. However, there’s a handful of operators that can be used in the big majority of sites. With the ability to reverse all defensive gadgets on the enemy side, such as. If you’re a new player in R6 and unsure which operators to use, you’re in the right place. Operation Shadow Legacy Sights. Kötz was integral to establishing an anti-terrorism unit in India following the 2008 attack in Mumbai. RedThornx. Passive gadget means that once it is placed, it serves its purpose regardless of the operator’s status – dead or alive. In most cases, the best anchors are 1-speed operators who are the most durable and often can complement the anchoring role. Rainbow Six Siege Operators. Thatcher. We’ve ranked the best and worst agents in the game based on their effectiveness in matches in our Rainbow Six Siege operator tier list. This is a less edited video than normal, but something came up and I had. Rainbow Six Siege operator guide: Buck. With that being said, let’s take a look at the R6 tier list for the Attacker’s side. SK 4-12 (Skeleton Key) Under-barrel mounted 12 gauge shotgun with four round capacity, used in tandem with an assault rifle. His gun is great, I believe it has a 1. Ace: Best hard breach tool, AK, and is very hard to bandit trick. Select your role. Zero. Thatcher is a 2-2 operator, and his EMP Grenades either disrupt or outright destroy any electronic Defender gadget in the vicinity. 10. The smallest of the mistakes have even taken place in R6 Invitationals which turned a team's victory into mere dust. Aruni. The Silent step makes her almost inaudible for 10 seconds. Nomad is an attacking operator with the GIGR. Frost. Armed with Decoy Drones and EMPs these are the best Attackers in Rainbow Six Siege. The Skeleton Key allows the operator to alternate between their standard. With Thatcher still being banned most of the time, Kaid has become the best hard breach. If you want to rack up kills after kills, Ying is one of the best operators to play on the attacker side. S. priceyM96 • 6 days ago. Mute Guide Episode 5. With low armor and high speed, Ash is a great operator for entry fraggers (Image via Ubisoft) Ash is arguably the most typical and easy to use fragging operators in the game. also she is not as effective as thatcher too. Ash (Attack) Ash is an extremely fast run-and-gun attacker who can open up walls at a range without risking a close encounter. Far from it actually. R6 |GUIDES. Her rifles have seen numerous changes to balance her in 2019. Although it was removed from some operators, for those who still have it available this is definitely one of the best attachments to have. Zofia: Explosions and concussions. But there is also a reason why their pick rates are high, the likelihood of them winning in a 1v1 encounter is highly likely, or their special gadgets are highly sought after. Solis. 1 Standard Attack: Ace, Twitch, Jackal, Fuze, Sledge. Sledge, Thermite, Iana. Svensson was a curious boy growing up in Uppsala, where his parents encouraged his fascination with animal biology by enrolling him in every science class they could find. 10. TGed. S. His Yokai drones can stop defusing attempts and drop shields. Like Caveira and Oryx above, Dokkaebi also has more than one special ability, which is not that common in Siege. they will all be under 10000 as they were the original 20 r6 siege operators. One of the most imposing and scary looking weapons in the game. Hibana . Below is a list of the operators with the best weapons. Outback is a multiplayer map in Rainbow Six: Siege. I think they have a different name depending on who you talk to. #TIERLIST -- TSM Pro R6 Coach Pojoman takes a look at EVERY OPERATOR in Rainbow Six Siege and ranks all 57 from BEST TO WORST! From Ash to Echo to Zofia, get. 9 Gridlock. As a result, Rainbow Six Siege Thorn is a universal operator who can be played as either anchor or roamer. Operation Dread Factor has succeeded Commanding Force in Year 8, bringing Fenrir. She was added to Rainbow Six: Siege on February 2, 2016, as part of Operation Black Ice. C, D and E tiers represent increasingly more specified operators that are good in one or two things. . Unfortunately, the T-5 SMG deals very little damage per shot, so it's best to auto-fire instead of shooting each. 56x45mm rounds. 10. Siege is known for its blisteringly fast kill times, tactical gameplay and high skill ceiling, making it one of the most daunting and rewarding FPS games to play. A. Ela. CHECK OUT: Rainbow Six Siege Y7S3 Operator: Attacker Grim’s new gadget, loadout, and role leaked. Things like traps, shields, and barbed wire. His SR-25 is powerful enough to take down a heavily-armored enemy with no more than two body shots. His inclusion in the S tier in our R6 Operator tier list highlights his overall effectiveness and impact on the game. Image: Ubisoft. Aside from the default Recruit Operator which has no special ability of its own, all Operators must be purchased with Renown or R6 Credits. Lion. The map takes place in a German biker bar occupied by the same gang that Bandit went undercover in. Glaz (Intel, Support) Glaz is one of the best support operators in the game, more specifically he provides medium to long-range support. But if you do pick Zofia, make sure to use her AR, learn LMGs. It's also an operator that can be used without having great knowledge of the map. The tiers depend on the popularity, ban, and win rate of each character. Gridlock/Mozzie SDP 9mm: 352. Mozzie’s P10 RONI. Since you will have to unlock most of the operators, you will want to put your time into unlocking the best operators first and. Defenders use reinforcements to prevent attackers from breaching through crucial walls and hatches. The top ten guns in Siege that provides the user with a lot of accuracy due to their low recoil. Sledge. Rook; Mira; Frost; Jackal; Alibi; Castle Ash: Point, shoot, explode. BB and Capitao is a ong process but it is super fun and effective when you can pull it off. BY: Kristoffer A. 0x, Suppressor, and Vertical Grip + Gonne-6 + Stun Grenade. Buck (Breach, Support) With his special gadget, the Skeleton Key under barrel shotgun, which happens to be one of the most destructive shotguns in the game, Buck can create entry or rotation holes on unreinforced walls with just one shot. When played by more advanced players and in specific locations, Zofia can be utilized to dispatch: Breach denial utility. original sound - Jynxzi. The Flip Sight is the sight of his OTs-03 designated marksman rifle and it’s called the. Legendary weapons are awesome. Jager. ago. C, D and E tiers represent increasingly more specified operators that are good in one or two things. Mute Guide Episode 4. Thermite is a great operator for beginners because he's not only powerful, his overall gameplay and role will allow the player to learn a lot about the game too. . Glaz, Fuze, Kapkan, Tachanka. Zofia is best but I find her a bit. Defenders Alibi, frost (if they like to rush), vigil, tachanka, Kaplan, ela. Definitely take a look at Zero, he's a really strong all-rounder: Rainbow Six Siege Operator Tier List (2023) – Y8S1 Best Operators. Then Ubisoft decided to give access to ACOG only to 3 armor & 1-speed defenders. That’s 8 years of content updates and 69 operators added in total. Of course, this weapon has a pretty low damage rate which almost puts it next to defender weapons. Tachanka: 84/100. His inclusion in the S tier in our R6 Operator tier list highlights his overall effectiveness and impact on the game. If you want to rack up kills after kills, Ying is one of the best operators to play on the attacker side. Generic gadget - Stun Grenade. With the build of an M16 and the access to an ACOG sight, this shotgun plays like a. Zero: 83/100. . It's incredible to think that Rainbow Six Siege is in its sixth year of content, with the latest update, Operation North Star, adding yet another Operator - Thunderbird. Operator Name. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. With ADS up, you won't need to worry. That's because it's a really powerful gun due to its high damage, good rate of. Frost – Yacht has a lot of windows and stairs, and that’s perfect for Frost’s Welcome Mats. Azami Azami is a great operator for terrorist hunt especially when you’re playing with a team, but even for solo play, she has a high chance of winning because for a defender, the only game mode in terrorist hunt is Protect Hostage. 10. Here, we’re going into slightly more detail as to our choices, explaining why they’re ranked where they are. Defenders: Mozzie: Minigun laserbeam Roni with a 1. Nomad has long been Siege’s best anti-roaming operator, a title that remains true thanks to her Airjab repulsion. Kapkan’s 9x19VSN. 9. Castle is D-tier because he is only useful ~10% of the time. Every operator after these 20 are considered “DLC” operators as they were released as a part of a seasonal update. The L85A2 is a solid choice. More life, more chances. Narrowing down the list of the top attacking operators was a lot tougher than I initially thought. Definitely take a look at Zero, he's a really strong all-rounder:Rainbow Six Siege Operator Tier List (2023) – Y8S1 Best Operators. The majority of players in Rainbow Six Siege tend to play quick roamers and entry operators as these have the best guns in the game. Jackal, Buck, Blackbeard, Ash, Zofia on Attack Kapkan, Valk, Lesion, Rook, Doc on Defense Those are the most independent operators in the game. 15 T-5 SMG. The best operator is the one that fits your play style and tactics which could vary from map to map. B Tier. Jager: 83/100. By Shayan Adnan 2023-06-07 2023-06-08 Share ShareIn the dynamic and competitive world of Rainbow Six Siege, selecting the right attacking operator can make all the difference between victory and defeat. Mira (59%) Rainbow Six Siege’s most banned defensive operator, Mira’s core ability can completely alter a defence’s site set-up in a massive way. The ten best operators for hunting roamers in Rainbow Six Siege's Year 8 Season 3. . She is the sneakiest defender in R6 Siege. With the launch of Y7S1 Demon Veil, Rainbow Six Siege will have a deep pool of 63 operators to unlock and use in-game. 8 Thatcher. . With one of the best marksman rifles in the game, Blackbeard is one operator that should not be messed with in mid-to-long-range encounters. Lion is the best attacker for solo queue players because he's the most versatile in this list. Learn with us how to use R6 Operators! We have prepared for you in-depth guides that focus on three main aspects that can help with using operators to their fullest potential. Finka. Her renown requirement of 25,000 is absurd and 600 R6 for an extremely situational operator is pricey, although she is free with a season pass. Hibana is a part of the Aichi Prefectural Police Department Special Assault Team where she was so charismatic and diverse in her skills she quickly rose through the ranks. 5x. Clash/Warden P-10C: 300. That's because Jager and Kaid working hand in hand is essential in so many rounds because they're so effective in preventing hard breaching. Attacker Tier List. Jager: 83/100. Today we are doing the OFFICIAL Operator Tier List for Rainbow Six Siege for 2022/2023 for the new season Operation Solar Raid focusing on JUST the attackers. A. The operator gadgets in Rainbow Six: Siege are one of the mechanics that make the tactical FPS video game so popular. We’ve ranked the best and worst agents in the game based on their effectiveness in matches in our Rainbow Six Siege operator tier list. Tachanka (Anti-Entry, Crowd Control) Area-denial is integral in Siege’s gameplay, and when it comes to denying area to enemies, Tachanka is one of. The 417 is eh. Originally posted by Burhaan Nageeye: If you're referring to the default ops,Jager Bandit Smoke Mute Castle Doc Rook (Pretty much every defensive default op), for attack: Thermite thatcher ash sledge twitch iq. • 1 min. Doc. If Glaz was a defender, he would be Warden. Attackers. Lowest recoil guns on defense are Alda, roni, ump, mozzie’s ar and the k1a and the lowest recoil guns on attack are the L8, finka lmg, zofia lmg, capitao lmg, gridlock. Gamer Since: 1994. I taught my wife to play which was the definition of the blind leading the blind, but we had the most experience with Thermite/Thatcher on attack and Mute/Kapkan/Rook for defence. Chalet - map guide, ranked strats (aiming mostly at duoQs) explained in-depth with subtitles & timestamps. Rainbow Six Tracker 3. However, right now, there are 62 operators, which are evenly divided into 31 Attackers and 31 Defenders, and players need to create an efficient team composition from this pool, which should ideally have fraggers, supports, roamers/flank-watch, and anchors. Vanilla Operators Versus DLC Operators. Rainbow Six Siege is a popular. 5x magnification scopes) on 3-speed defensive operators. Hibana has very high utility and is versatile, and with her gadget. Maestro is noe much easyier to counter given you can melee his cams and the massive amounts of nades and softbreach the attackers have makes his cams very easy to deal with. F0rgemaster19. 5 best attacking Operators in Rainbow Six Siege. Yacht. Across its 50 operators, 20 maps, and 100 weapons, it takes dozens of hours to gain a good grasp of your surroundings. On defence: Mute, Bandit, Jaeger, Melusi, Aruni and smoke are all great. Warden. Mira is 100% an S tier, in what world is she B? Thermite is A tier. Those ops are the ones featured on the first row for both attack and defense.